What is Sworn Translation? 📝

What are they and how are sworn translations implemented in different countries?
Everything You Need to Know ✅

What is Sworn Translation?

In the world of global business, educational and administrative contacts, translations of important documents play a key role. They enable documents to be officially submitted to government offices, courts, universities and financial institutions. However, their form, requirements and acceptability may vary from country to country.

Certified vs Sworn Translations

Certified translations of documents are translations that have been formally confirmed by a person holding the appropriate qualifications as a certified translator. Sometimes we also refer to them as certified, or sworn translations. However, it is worth noting that ‘sworn translation’ is a colloquial term and is not formally used in legal documents.

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Sworn translator

Sworn translator – status, eligibility and responsibility

In Poland, a sworn translator is a person of public trust. They obtain the status of a sworn translator after passing an exam and being entered into the Register of The Ministry of Justice. Each translation performed by such a person is stamped with the translator’s seal and entered into the sworn translator’s repertory. Sworn translations of documents are acceptable by offices and institutions in Poland and abroad.

What documents require sworn translations?

These documents which often undergone certification by a sworn translator are below:

birth certificates
marriage certificates
notarial deeds
contracts
diplomas
certificates
medical records
court documents
official personal documents (e.g. ID cards, passports).

Sworn Translations vs Apostille and The Hague Convention

For translations intended for use abroad, additional certification in the form of the Apostille is often required. This applies to countries that are party to the Hague Convention.

This is the international agreement from 1961 that simplifies the legalization of documents intended for international circulation. This convention has introduced the institution of the Apostille – a stamp confirming the authenticity of a signature, the capacity of the person signing the document, and the identity of the issuing authority.

Submission of a translation by an authorized person and bearing an Apostille becomes an authenticated document recognized internationally.

Sworn Translation Services in English-speaking countries

In English-speaking countries, such as the United States or the United Kingdom, there is no uniform profession of sworn translator, as there is in Poland. Instead of sworn translators, there is a form of certified translation. Such translations of legal documents are commonly used in official matters and foreign sworn translations may also be accepted.

THE USA

In the USA, certified translations are accompanied by a written statement from the translator confirming that the translation was performed accurately and in accordance with the original. Often, the document must include the translator’s contact information and the date. Such translations can be used in immigration, educational, legal and official contexts.

Great Britain

In the UK, translations certified by a translation agency or a professional translator are also acceptable, with their signature including their personal details, contact information, date and any membership of a professional body (e.g. ITI or CIOL), confirming the authenticity of the translation.

Although these procedures do not take the form of an official oath, certified translations in English-speaking countries are widely recognisable and treated as binding documents.

Sworn Translation Services in the European Union

Professional translation services in the European Union countries aim to ensure the credibility and compliance of documents with the requirements of public institutions, although they vary in terms of procedure.

Austria

In Austria, certified translations (‘beglaubigte Übersetzungen’) must be performed by a sworn translator (‘gerichtlich beeideter Übersetzer’). This applies to official documents such as birth certificates, contracts, and diplomas. As in Poland, the translator signs and stamps the translation, confirming legal validity. For documents intended for use abroad, the Apostille may be required in accordance with the Hague Convention.

Belgium

Sworn translators are registered centrally in the SPF Justice (Service Public Fédéral Justice). Since the end of 2022, the physical seal has been replaced by a qualified electronic signature, which the sworn translator or interpreter must apply to every translated document, streamlining the certification process. For sworn translations into French and Dutch, the sworn translator must meet strict formal criteria.

Bulgaria

Certified translations are performed by agencies approved by The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Translation of legal or personal documents, such as marriage certificates or diplomas, must be on the agency’s letterhead, include the sworn translator’s stamp and signature on each page, and include a clause. Bulgaria does not have the state examination for sworn translators, so sworn translations performed by Bulgarian agencies are not recognisable by Polish authorities.

Croatia

Translations are performed by sworn court translators (sudski tumači), who have obtained their qualifications based on an examination and a decision issued by the relevant ministry. A certified translation ensures the validity of documents in official institutions. As in Poland, a certified written translation must include a signature, stamp, and a number in the translator’s repertory. Each translator maintains a repertory where all their works are numbered. Translators are required to regularly renew their qualifications.

Cyprus

In Cyprus, certified translations (“επικυρωμένες μεταφράσεις”) are required for court documents and notarial deeds. Private translators cannot perform sworn translations, and only the Cyprus Translation Agency is authorized to certify official documents. Importantly, certified translations from a foreign language into another foreign language (e.g., English into French) are not performed. The document must first be translated into the native language, or the office must be asked to issue the document in the native language.

The Czech Republic

Sworn translations (soudní překlady) are performed by translators listed by The Ministry of Justice. A certified translation is a document containing a translation clause and a round seal with the national coat of arms. The translation must also be registered in the translator’s repertory. Translations into Czech are performed by qualified sworn translators who must pass the state examination and be sworn.

Denmark

In Denmark, certified translations (“certificeret oversættelse”) are performed by translators approved by the Danish authorities. Translations of important documents, such as medical records, require the translator’s stamp. It is worth noting that a translator can only certify a translation between Danish and a foreign language.

Estonia

In Estonia, certified translations (“notariaalselt tõendatud tõlge”) must be certified by a notary or sworn translator. Documents must be translated into Estonian or English. Similar to Poland, certified translations are performed for birth certificates and diplomas. Since 2020, only sworn translators can perform official translations.

Finland

Certified translations in Finland (aateloitu käännös) are performed by translators with qualifications granted by The Finnish National Board of Education, obtained after completing appropriate studies or courses. In Finland, there is no requirement to pass an exam or take an oath, and there is no official title of sworn translator. For this reason, translations performed in Finland are often not recognisable internationally.

France

In France, sworn translators (les traducteurs assermentés) are directly affiliated with the appeal courts before which they take their oath. Their names appear on official lists published by The French Ministry of Justice. Sworn translations must include the translator’s signature, stamp, and information about the court before which the translator was sworn. Polish sworn translations are only recognisable if they were performed by a translator from the French list.

Greece

In Greece, certified translations (“επίσημη μετάφραση”) are performed by certified translators from the list of The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Their names are included in the official register. Translation of official documents must be signed and stamped, which implies acceptance of legal liability. As in Poland, certified translations are essential in court proceedings.

Spain

In Spain, sworn translators (los traductores e intérpretes jurados) are appointed by The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Each sworn translator has a unique registration number and can certify translations of official documents. Spanish sworn translations are produced in paper format. The translator’s stamp and signature are required. They are only considered credible if they have been certified by a sworn translator in Spain.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, certified translations (“beëdigde vertaling”) can only be performed by translators registered in the Dutch Legal Register (Rbtv). A certified document translation is required for documents such as contracts, diplomas, and court documents. Similar to Poland, the Netherlands allows for online certified translations, provided that they meet formal requirements. Importantly, Dutch certified translators must renew their certification every five years, confirming their qualifications. Unlike some EU countries, the Netherlands recognizes certified translations from other member states if they have been prepared in accordance with local regulations.

Irland

In Ireland, sworn translations take a different form than in Poland, as there is no official profession of sworn translator. However, certified translations of documents can be certified by a notary public, court-registered translators, or members of the Irish Translators’ and Interpreters’ Association (ITIA). Certified translations cover official documents such as birth certificates, contracts, and diplomas. Unlike Poland, where certified translations require only the stamp of a sworn translator, Ireland employs a more flexible system.

Lithuania

Lithuania does not have a profession of sworn translator, so certified translations of documents are certified by a notary, confirming the translator’s signature. In practice, certified translations are performed by certified agencies, and each certified translation must include the translator’s data, a declaration, and a true copy of the original. The Apostille is required for exporting documents abroad, in accordance with the Hague Convention. If you need a certified translation of a diploma, birth certificate, or contract, you can also order them as sworn translations online.

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, sworn translations (“les traductions assermentées”) are performed by translators listed by The Ministry of Justice, who are eligible to apply for a position after completing a university degree in translation. Certified translations with a signature are required for official documents.

Latvia

In Latvia, sworn translations operate differently than in Poland – there is no official profession of sworn translator. However, certified translations of documents can be certified by a notary public or, in certain cases, by public administration offices. This applies to official documents such as civil status certificate, contracts, and diplomas. A certified translation requires notarisation or an official stamp.

Malta

In Malta, sworn translations, also known as certified translations, are performed by individuals or entities registered by The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. The registration process ensures that translators meet high standards for accuracy and legal validity. In criminal cases, the translator is appointed by a judge, usually using the official list maintained by the Criminal Registry Report, which is also available online.

Germany

In Germany, certified translations (the so-called “beglaubigte Übersetzung”) are required for court documents or notarial deeds. Such translations can only be prepared by a sworn translator (vereidigter Übersetzer) who has the appropriate qualifications guaranteed by the relevant court. For documents submitted in other European Union countries, a certified written translation is often sufficient, without additional formalities such as the Apostille or legalization.

Norway

A sworn translator in Norway, or ‘statsautorisert translatør’, is a person of public trust whose translations have legal force. A sworn translation must be written and include a special clause certifying its compliance with the original. This clause is created individually by the translator but must include the translator’s name and the languages in which they are certified. A sworn translation also includes the sworn translator’s stamp and signature. The translator is responsible for the linguistic and substantive accuracy of the document, which is why a sworn translation service requires the utmost care.

Poland

In Poland, the institution of the sworn translator exists. A sworn translator obtains certification after passing a state examination and is entered into the register maintained by The Minister of Justice. We distinguish between online sworn translations (with a qualified signature) and certified translations in paper form, which are stamped and entered into a repertory. They are widely acceptable in offices, courts, and institutions.

Portugal

In Portugal, certified translations of documents are not performed by individual sworn translators, as such a profession does not formally exist in the Portuguese legal system. Any translator can perform a translation, who then submits a written declaration of the accuracy of the translation. The translator’s signature is certified by a notary, civil registrar, lawyer, or representative of the chamber of commerce – these are the individuals authorized to certify translations. Such a certified translation with a signature has legal force and may be required for official documents such as birth certificates, diplomas, medical records, or contracts.

Romania

In Romania, certified translations are performed by translators authorized by The Ministry of Justice, and their signatures are additionally authenticated by a notary, giving the document legal force. Certified translations are required for official documents such as birth certificates, diplomas, contracts, medical records, and court documents.

Slovakia

In Slovakia, every sworn translator entered in the register of translators can perform both oral and written translations. As part of their sworn translation services, they are entitled to use the official stamp of a sworn translator and a special ID card issued by The Ministry of Justice. Translations certified with the translator’s signature must also include a translation clause and a number in the sworn translator’s repertory.

Slovenia

In Slovenia, the right to perform sworn translations is granted upon entry into the register of sworn translators held by The Ministry of Justice. A single translator can perform both written and oral translations. The public register of sworn translators contains information about a translator, although some data (e.g., identification number, professional title, and employment status) is not publicly available. For certified translations, translators use a repertory number and seal, and the signature of a sworn translator confirms the document’s authenticity.

Hungary

In Hungary, you can order translations certified exclusively by the state-owned OFFI Zrt. There are paper and electronic (e-authentic) versions, which include a clause, identifier, and security features. Paper documents are permanently bound to the original, while electronic documents have a qualified signature and are transmitted remotely. OFFI certifications are also acceptable abroad, provided that they meet the requirements of the relevant authority.

Italy

In Italy, there is no uniform institution of sworn translators. Certified translations are most often certified by a translator in the presence of a notary or court official. A translator must have an excellent command of two languages to perform translations and submit a declaration of conformity with the original, which is then validated by the relevant authority.

Sworn Translation Services in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

Russia

In Russia, court and official documents are translated by any translator, but their certified translation must be notarized. This is a common practice for certified translations. There is no such thing as a sworn translator in the Polish sense. The concept of a “court translator” exists, and is involved in official matters when necessary. However, this profession is not officially or legally regulated.

Ukraine

In Ukraine, as in Russia, sworn translations are performed before a notary or by a court registrar. Foreign sworn translations are acceptable there if they comply with local law.

Belarus

Belarus also lacks the profession of a sworn translator under Polish law. Translations must usually be notarized. Such a document has official force. In practice, certified translations are required, for example, when applying for citizenship, employment, or studies.

When are sworn translations required?

In such situations:

recognition of diplomas
contracts and certificates
legalization of personal and official documents
court procedures
traveling abroad

When you need a certified translation, it’s worth checking whether a certified or sworn translation is sufficient, or whether an Apostille is also required.

Summary: What is worth remembering?

theInternational document circulation requires a certified translation with a qualified signature from a sworn translator.

In some countries, you can order a certified translation online.

Document translations should meet the requirements of foreign institutions. Whether you perform certified translations yourself as an agency or order them online, the format must comply with local law. Each type of translation may have different requirements.

The cost of a translation depends on the language pair, the length, and the type of document.
Only an experienced sworn translator can guarantee that a certified translation fully complies with the regulations of the target country.

Sworn Translations -
Common questions.

Where is there no sworn translators?

Sworn translators are not found in many English-speaking countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Ireland, Canada, and Australia. These countries lack a uniform, national system of sworn translators. Instead, certified translations are used, meaning they are accompanied by a declaration from the translator confirming their compliance with the original, and are sometimes notarized. The lack of sworn translators means that documents are assessed individually by the institutions receiving the translation – it is worth checking their formal requirements before.

Does the profession of sworn translator exist in the countries of the former Soviet bloc?

In many former Soviet bloc countries – such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan – the Western model of a sworn translator does not exist. Instead, notarization of a translation is used, which involves the confirmation of the translator’s signature by a notary. Any professional translator can perform a translation, but their signature must be certified by a notary for the document to be legally binding. In practice, this means that a sworn translator’s formal seal is not required, but documents still require some form of authorization. These systems often rely on cooperation between translation agencies and notary offices.

A Sworn Translator

The requirements for hiring a sworn translator of English depend on the context and specific situation in which the translation is needed. A sworn translation is most often required in the following situations:

– Translation of official documents, such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, school certificates, or diplomas. The translator certifies the authenticity of the translation and its compliance with the original with their signature, stamp, and repertory number.

– Court Proceedings – An English translator can provide oral translations for interviewees or translations of documents related to court proceedings. A sworn translator certifies that the oral or written translations performed for a court hearing are a faithful reproduction of the original. A sworn translator can also testify in court as an expert.

It is important to remember that requirements for sworn translators may vary depending on the country and local legal regulations. It is always worth checking the applicable regulations and requirements in a specific country for specific situations.

A standard English translator

When there is no legal or official requirement, a standard English translator may be sufficient. For example, when translating technical or literary texts, newspaper articles, websites, or other materials that are not of an official or legal nature, a standard translator will suffice.

When is the Apostille needed?

An Apostille may (but does not have to) be required when an official document is to be used in another country that is a signatory to The 1961 Hague Convention. An Apostille certifies the authenticity of the signature, stamp or official signature, but not the translation itself.

Is a written translation certified by a sworn translator in Poland sufficient for official matters in the UK?

Not always. There is no official institution of sworn translators in the UK – instead, translations signed by a translator and certified by professional associations or a notary are acceptable. British offices may reject a Polish sworn translation if it does not meet their formal requirements.

What documents require certified translation?

According to the law, a page of certified English translation consists of 1,125 characters, including spaces. Prices may vary depending on the nature of the document, from PLN 30 (7,03 EUR; 8,05 USD) to PLN 60 (14,06 EUR; 16,10 USD) net per page. Our translation agency offers a number of favourable discounts, including for official documents with a standardized format.

Can I order a sworn translation online?

Yes, in most cases, you can order a sworn translation (certified by a sworn translator) online. Simply upload a scanned or PDF document, and the finished translation can be delivered by post or electronically, provided that the institution accepts it.

What does the realisation of sworn translations look like in Italy?

In Italy, there is no profession of sworn translator in the Polish sense. Certified translations are typically certified by a notary or submitted to a court along with the translator’s oath (giuramento). The original or a copy of the document must also be attached.

When do you need certified translation and when do you need sworn translation?

Certified translations are used in countries where there is no system of sworn translations (e.g., the USA, the UK, Canada). In this case, translations prepared and certified by a sworn translator can be used. The translator can then include a signed declaration confirming that the translation complies with the original. Certification does not require state authorization but may still be accepted by authorities.

Does the Register of Sworn Translators exist?

Yes, many countries maintain public registers of sworn translators, such as Germany, Spain, Sweden, the Czech Republic, and Poland. In countries without a formal system, you can use the registers of professional associations or databases of notaries performing certifications.

Do all certified documents have to be confirmed with a translator's signature?

Yes – certified translations require the signature, stamp, and affixing of a sworn translator’s signature. Often, each sheet must be marked to ensure the document has legal validity and is difficult to forge or separate.

Is it necessary to pass an exam to become a sworn translator?

Yes, in Poland, there is the state examination organized by The Ministry of Justice. Candidates must demonstrate proficiency in the language, legal skills, and translation skills. After passing the exam, they are entered on the list of sworn translators.

Do they always require certified translations in Russia?

In Russia, translation certification is typically accomplished by the translator’s signature and notarization. In practice, many documents, particularly those for public offices and courts, must be notarized. Translators have no formal state status.

What are the characteristics of certified translation in countries without sworn translators?

In such countries, certified translations are used, which include a declaration by a translator that the translation is a true copy of the original. In some cases, notarization of the signature is also required. The lack of central registration means that credibility relies on the translator’s reputation or membership in a professional organization.

How to choose the right type of translation for an official procedure?

First, check the requirements of the institution to which you are submitting the document – many offices may require a sworn, certified, notarized, or Apostille-certified translation. If in doubt, it’s best to consult a translation agency, which will help you select the right type of translation for your specific procedure.

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What is Sworn Translation? 📝